Appendix
A. Adaptive learning — how it works
LinguaMorpha keeps every answer you give and uses that history to decide which words appear in each session. The aim is to spend your time where it matters: on words you have not met yet, and on words you keep getting wrong.
What gets recorded
For every answer the app stores the word and its word type, the kind of question (meaning, conjugation, article, and so on), whether you were right, and the date and time — for conjugation questions also the tense and person. It is kept in a database on your device and never leaves it, unless you export it yourself.
How each session pool is built
The words for a session are chosen in this order:
1. Words you got wrong last time. A word you answered incorrectly is flagged, and flagged words go to the front of the next session. Answering it correctly removes the flag.
2. New words and review words, in the mix set by Learning pace. The remaining places are shared between:
- new words — words with no history yet. Verbs and nouns come in order of importance: a combination of CEFR level and frequency, so common A1 words come first and rare C2 words last;
- review words — words you have met before, weakest first. A word's correct rate decides its place, adjusted for how recently you saw it: a word from yesterday drops back behind a similar word you last saw a fortnight ago, so the review rotates instead of showing the same cards every morning. A recent sighting never pushes a well-known word ahead of one you cannot do.
If there are not enough words of one kind, the other fills the gap, so a session is always full as long as your selection has enough words. In the session, new words come before review words.
What this means in practice
- Early on, sessions are mostly new words, introduced in order of importance.
- As your vocabulary grows, sessions shift towards reviewing words you already know, concentrating on the ones you find hardest.
- A word you keep answering correctly moves back in the queue and appears less often.
- Once you have met every word in your selection, there are no new words left: every session is review, whatever the pace.
Session pool stability
The pool is worked out once and kept. If you leave a session halfway and come back, you see the same words, not a fresh shuffle. It is worked out again when your word selection, session size or learning pace changes, when you start a new session, or when you reset your progress.
Learning Pace
Learning pace in Settings → Study sets the share of review words among the places left after the flagged words:
- Relaxed — about 80% review, 20% new. Good for consolidating what you know.
- Balanced — half and half. The default; steady progress.
- Intensive — about 20% review, 80% new. More demanding, but your vocabulary grows faster.
B. Setting up speech
LinguaMorpha reads forms aloud with Apple's speech synthesis, which is built into iOS, iPadOS and macOS. The voices belong to the system, not to the app: LinguaMorpha bundles none and can only use what is installed on your device. Good sound therefore takes a one-time setup: download a better voice for the language you study, then choose it in the app (see Voice and speed under Settings).
Downloading a better voice
Apple offers most languages in three qualities: Standard, Enhanced and Premium. The Enhanced and Premium voices sound much better than the default. If you are unsure, choose an Enhanced voice.
- iPhone and iPad — Settings → Accessibility → Spoken Content → Voices, then the language.
- Mac — System Settings → Accessibility → Spoken Content → System Voice → Manage Voices.
Where a language has regional variants, choose the accent you prefer. Once the download has finished, the voice appears in LinguaMorpha's voice list.
When nothing is installed
If no voice is installed for the language, the voice screen says so and shows where to download one. The flashcards' Listen switch is not offered until the app can speak the language.
Latin
No system has a Latin voice. LinguaMorpha reads Latin with an Italian voice it chooses itself, at a slower fixed speed, so there is no Voice row for Latin. An Enhanced Italian voice improves it. The course guide has the details.
For which voices to download for your course, see the course guide.
C. CEFR levels
CEFR stands for the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, an internationally recognised scale for describing language ability, divided into six levels.
| Level | Label | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| A1 | Beginner | Understand and use very basic everyday expressions and simple phrases. |
| A2 | Elementary | Communicate about familiar topics — family, shopping, local geography. |
| B1 | Intermediate | Handle most situations while travelling; describe experiences and plans. |
| B2 | Upper Intermediate | Understand complex text on concrete and abstract topics. |
| C1 | Advanced | Express ideas fluently and spontaneously. |
| C2 | Mastery | Understand virtually everything heard or read. |
How LinguaMorpha uses them
Every verb and noun, and most other words, carries a CEFR level. You meet the levels in several places:
- Select word scope — tick the levels you want in Self Study; the levels you tick are the ones that count. See Choosing what is in play.
- New words — among words you have not met yet, lower levels come first (see Adaptive learning — how it works).
- Practice Sets — the By level sets, and the Level filter when you build a set.
- Grammar lessons — each lesson shows its level.
- My Progress — Level coverage under Reports, and the level field in Explore.
Most learners starting from scratch will find A1 and A2 enough for the first few months.
A level describes the word, not you. Some languages have no official CEFR scale — Latin, for one — so their levels are an approximate mapping onto a standard teaching sequence; the course guide explains how.