Latin Verbs¶

The Latin Verbs section covers around 300 verbs across all five conjugations, with the full classical tense paradigm — present and perfect systems, indicative, subjunctive, and imperative moods, active and passive voices, plus all the non-finite forms (infinitives, participles, gerund, gerundive, supine).

This section has the same Setup / Study / Test layout as Declensions and Adjectives.

The five conjugations¶

The catalogue is built around the textbook conjugation classes:

1st conjugation — -āre verbs (amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum; laudō, laudāre). The largest group; mostly regular.
2nd conjugation — -ēre verbs (moneō, monēre; videō, vidēre; habeō, habēre). Stem vowel long -ē-.
3rd conjugation — -ere (short e) verbs (regō, regere; dūcō, dūcere; agō, agere). Stem vowel short.
3rd conjugation -iō (3rd-io) — capiō, capere; faciō, facere. Mixed pattern that takes 4th-conjugation endings in some forms and 3rd-conjugation in others.
4th conjugation — -īre verbs (audiō, audīre; veniō, venīre; sciō, scīre). Stem vowel long -ī-.

Plus the irregular verbs handled as their own group: sum / esse, possum / posse, eō / īre, ferō / ferre, volō / velle, nōlō / nōlle, mālō / mālle, fīō / fierī.

The tenses¶

Indicative — present system (active + passive)¶

The "live" tenses, formed from the present stem.

Praesēns — amō, amās, amat, amāmus, amātis, amant / passive amor, amāris, amātur…
Imperfectum — amābam, amābās, amābat… / passive amābar, amābāris…
Futūrum — amābō, amābis, amābit… (1st/2nd) or regam, regēs, reget… (3rd/4th) / passive analogously

Indicative — perfect system (active + passive)¶

Formed from the perfect stem (active) or the past participle + esse (passive, periphrastic).

Perfectum — amāvī, amāvistī, amāvit… / passive amātus sum, amāta es…
Plūsquamperfectum — amāveram, amāverās… / passive amātus eram…
Futūrum Exactum — amāverō, amāveris… / passive amātus erō…

Subjunctive — every tense (active + passive)¶

Praesēns Subjūnctīvus — amem, amēs, amet… / passive amer, amēris…
Imperfectum Subjūnctīvus — amārem, amārēs… / passive amārer, amārēris…
Perfectum Subjūnctīvus — amāverim, amāverīs… / passive amātus sim…
Plūsquamperfectum Subjūnctīvus — amāvissem, amāvissēs… / passive amātus essem…

Imperative¶

Praesens — amā (sg), amāte (pl) — the everyday "do this!"
Futūrum — amātō (you, 3rd-person), amantō (they) — formal / legal register. Found in legal texts, prayers, philosophical maxims.
Plus passive counterparts (amāre, amāminī…).

Non-finite forms¶

Six infinitives — three tenses (present, perfect, future) × two voices (active, passive).
Four participles — Praesens Āctīvum (amāns), Perfectum Passīvum (amātus), Futūrum Āctīvum (amātūrus), Futūrum Passīvum / Gerundīvum (amandus).
Gerundium — verbal noun, amandī, amandō, amandum, amandō.
Supīnum — accusative -um for purpose with verbs of motion (spectātum eō), ablative -ū for respect.

Toggle any tense on or off via the Select Tenses screen, the same way Spanish works.

What's on each screen¶

Setup¶

Select Verbs — pick which verbs are in your drill pool. Filterable by conjugation, CEFR / textbook chapter, topic, frequency, and verb group (regulars by conjugation, -iō mixed, deponent, semi-deponent, irregular, defective).
Select Tenses — toggle individual tenses on or off. Useful to scope a drill to a single tense you're learning, or to exclude tenses you haven't covered yet.

Study¶

Conjugation Tables — full tables for every verb, person × tense × mood × voice. Irregular forms are flagged in the table header. (Latin doesn't use the colour-coded irregularity highlighting that Spanish does — Latin's morphology is more rule-based, and the textbook tradition is to show full paradigms.)
Verb Meanings — searchable list with translations.
Principal Parts Reference — for any verb, the four principal parts displayed prominently with the conjugation type identified.

Test¶

Conjugate the Verb — production drill. Given lemma + tense + mood + voice + person + number, type the form. Same shape as Spanish Conjugation Drill, with Type/Pick modes.
Recognise the Form — recognition drill. Given a form, identify lemma + tense + mood + voice + person + number using scroll wheels. Ambiguous forms (Latin has many) accept any valid parse.
Principal Parts — given the first principal part, produce the other three. Crucial for the perfect system; principal parts are the most-memorised piece of Latin verb learning.
Word Meanings Flashcards — Latin ↔ your language, both directions.

Macron handling for verbs¶

Same as for nouns and adjectives: lenient by default, strict if you flip the switch in Settings → Strict macrons. The stem vowels in particular — the long -ā- of 1st conjugation, the long -ē- of 2nd, the long -ī- of 4th — are macron-marked throughout. See the Macrons page for the full explanation.

Recommended workflow¶

For learners new to Latin verbs:

Start with 1st conjugation (the -āre verbs) in Present Indicative Active only. Scope your selection to that one tense + that one conjugation to start.
Run Conjugate the Verb in Type mode until the present is automatic.
Add Imperfect and Future indicative — still active, still 1st conjugation.
Add 2nd conjugation and 3rd conjugation as your pool expands. The stem vowels are the key distinction.
Add the perfect system (perfect, pluperfect, future perfect indicative). This is where the principal-parts drill becomes essential.
Add the passive voice once active forms are solid. The periphrastic passive perfects (amātus sum) are where most students slow down.
Add the subjunctive last — the morphology is regular, but the syntax is its own subject.

For classics students using Wheelock:

Wheelock introduces verbs front-loaded: ch. 1 = 1st-conj present active, ch. 3 = 2nd-conj, ch. 5 = future active, ch. 7 = 3rd-conj, ch. 8 = imperfect, ch. 10 = 4th-conj + 3rd-io, ch. 12 = perfect active system, ch. 21 = passive present, ch. 28 = subjunctive present.
Use the textbook-chapter filter and the Select Tenses picker together to scope your pool to exactly the chapter you're on.

For LLPSI:

LLPSI introduces verbs by tense ad hoc. The catalogue is tagged with LLPSI capitula; use the filter to scope to what Familia Romana has introduced so far.