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Elke vorm die LinguaMorpha voor het Latijn maakt, wordt vergeleken met een externe bron: de werkwoorden met de vervoegingstabellen van Wiktionary, de zelfstandige en bijvoeglijke naamwoorden en de voornaamwoorden met Collatinus. Elk verschil staat opgeschreven met zijn reden. De meeste zijn beslist: een keuze tussen grammatica's, een vorm die de bron mist, een verschrijving aan onze kant die is hersteld. De onderstaande niet. Het zijn vragen over Latijn, niet over software; in plaats van ze op de gok te beslissen staan ze hier, voor wie ze kan beantwoorden.

De vragen staan hier zoals ze in het register staan, in het Engels.

Werkwoorden — tegen Wiktionary

respondēre

The app conjugates respondēre with a full personal passive (respondeor, respondēris …). Wiktionary gives it only the impersonal third person (respondētur). Does respondēre aliquid count as transitive enough for a personal passive, or should the app show the impersonal forms only?

salvēre, pluere, stinguere … (4)

The app marks some tenses of salvēre, pluere, stinguere and fierī as defective and shows an empty row; Wiktionary's tables fill them (salvēbō, plūverō, stīnxerō, fītō). Which of these forms are attested in classical Latin? fītō, the future imperative of fīō, seems to be.

In dit onderdeel beslist en vastgelegd (7) — open voor de redenen

Elke regel is één vastgelegd verschil: waar het over gaat, het oordeel van de vergelijking en de reden die het register bewaart — de aantekening van de makers, in het Engels.

  • fluere, prōficere, vehere · accent-only — The oracle writes the AMBIGUOUS-LENGTH marker — macron over breve, flū̆xerō, vē̆xissēmus — where the quantity is disputed or varies by author. We commit to one length, because a learner reading a table needs a vowel to say and 'either' is not sayable. Not a spelling disagreement: it is a disagreement about whether to have an opinion. Named in ENGINE_QC_AND_CONFIDENCE.md as 'Wiktionary's variable-length macrons'.
  • nōlle — imperativus_futurum · accent-only — nōlītō / nōlītōte with the long ī, as the standard grammars print it; the oracle has nōlitō. Same class as the entry above — a quantity the oracle declines to commit to and we do.
  • plicāre · DIFFERS — Our perfect is plicāvī, the oracle's is plicuī. Both are attested and the dictionaries list both — Lewis & Short head the entry 'plĭco, āvi or ŭi'. We take the regular first-conjugation perfect because the verb is filed as a regular first-conjugation verb and a learner meeting it there should see the paradigm it is filed under. Thirty cells, all of them the perfect system built on that one stem.
  • revertere · DIFFERS — We conjugate it as the SEMI-DEPONENT — revertor, reverteris, revertitur in the present system, active revertī, reverteram in the perfect — which is how Classical Latin overwhelmingly uses it and how the grammars teach it. The oracle's lemma here is the plain active revertō, which also exists. Not a form disagreement but a choice of which of two real paradigms to file the word under; note the perfect system AGREES, which is what a semi-deponent predicts.
  • fundere, tribuere, īnstruere · INVENTED — The oracle gives these three a THIRD-PERSON-ONLY passive and we give the full one. Ours is right: all three are ordinary transitive verbs and fundor, tribuor, īnstruor are unremarkable Latin. The decisive evidence is in the reference file itself — adfundere, a compound of the very same verb, carries a complete personal passive there, so the restriction is not a fact about the stem. Twenty-one cells each: the four non-third persons of the five personal passive tenses, plus the future passive imperative.
  • * — *_passivum · we suppress — The intransitive carve-out, and it is deliberate: an intransitive verb has no PERSONAL passive in Latin, only the impersonal third singular (advenītur, 'there is an arriving'), so *adveniris and *advenīmur are not words. ENGINE_QC_AND_CONFIDENCE.md lists it among the invariants worth encoding — 'intransitives have only the impersonal 3sg passive'. The oracle generates the full six-person table for them. We emit the third person and suppress the rest, which is why every entry in this bucket is a non-third person.
  • meminisse, ōdisse · we suppress — Also taxonomy. These have only a perfect system, so the form that does duty as their future is the future perfect: we produce meminerō and ōderō under futurum_exactum and declare futurum defective, the oracle labels the same string futurum. Ours is the morphological label and the oracle's is the functional one. Both describe the same paradigm and the same form; nothing is missing on either side.

Zelfstandige en bijvoeglijke naamwoorden, voornaamwoorden — tegen Collatinus

propinquus

For the degrees of propinquus the app forms propinquior, propinquissimus; Collatinus and the dictionaries give propior, proximus under the same headword. Which pair should a school course show?

iners, simplex, memor — positivus

For the one-ending adjectives iners, simplex and memor the app declines i-stems throughout (ablative inertī, genitive plural inertium, simplicium). Collatinus treats all three as consonant stems (inerte, inertum, simplicum); Allen & Greenough give iners and simplex as i-stems and memor as mixed (memorī but memorum). Which stem class should each follow?

turris, puppis — singularis · accusativus

For the accusative singular of turris and puppis the app prints turrem and puppem, treating -im as the rarer variant; Collatinus knows only turrim and puppim, and Allen & Greenough list both nouns among those that sometimes retain -im. Which form should a table print when it can print only one?

aureus, caeruleus, continuus … (15) — positivus · masculinum · singularis · vocativus

For the vocative masculine singular of adjectives in -eus and -uus (aureus, mortuus, tuus …) the app writes auree, mortue, tue by the second-declension rule; Collatinus keeps the nominative form. The grammars rule on nouns and on -ius, not on these. Which is right, or does the vocative of such adjectives simply not occur?

clipeus — singularis · vocativus

The same question for a noun: the app writes the vocative clipee, Collatinus clipeus.

fīcus

The app declines fīcus as fourth declension throughout (fīcūs, fīcuī, fīcibus); the dictionaries and Collatinus make it second declension (fīcī, fīcō, fīcōs) with a few fourth-declension forms. Should the app file it as second declension?

In dit onderdeel beslist en vastgelegd (35) — open voor de redenen

Elke regel is één vastgelegd verschil: waar het over gaat, het oordeel van de vergelijking en de reden die het register bewaart — de aantekening van de makers, in het Engels.

  • niger — comparativus · DIFFERS — Collatinus's data bug, not a disagreement: its lemma line gives niger the radical nīgr- where its model expects nīgri-, so every comparative cell comes out *nīgrōr-. Ours is nigrior, nigrius — the regular formation every grammar gives.
  • gracilis — superlativus · DIFFERS — gracillimus. gracilis is one of the six -ilis adjectives that take -limus (facilis, difficilis, similis, dissimilis, gracilis, humilis; illimusLemmas in LatinAdjective.swift); Collatinus files it under the plain fortis model and writes gracilissimus.
  • multus — comparativus · ablativus · DIFFERS — plūre. The ablative singular of plūs is plūre in the grammars (plūrī is a rare variant); Collatinus's plus model gives only plūrī.
  • arx — pluralis · genitivus · DIFFERS — arcium: arx is a monosyllable with a stem in two consonants, the textbook i-stem class (urbs, urbium). Collatinus writes arcum.
  • canis — pluralis · genitivus · DIFFERS — canum: canis is one of the named exceptions to the parisyllabic i-stem rule (canis, iuvenis, pater, māter, frāter, senex take -um). Collatinus writes canium.
  • alius — singularis · genitivus · DIFFERS — The same word, spelled differently: our alīus (the long ī marking the contracted double i) against Collatinus's aliius / aliīus, which writes the two i's out. Not a disagreement about the form.
  • īdem — pluralis · genitivus · DIFFERS — eōrundem / eārundem, the assimilated spelling the grammars print; Collatinus writes eōrumdem, the unassimilated one. Both are attested; ours is the commoner.
  • socius — singularis · vocativus · DIFFERS — socī: nouns in -ius take the vocative in -ī (fīlī, Vergilī), the rule LatinNoun.declined applies to the whole class; Collatinus declines socius as a plain -us noun and writes socie.
  • īnferus — superlativus · DIFFERS — īnfimus, the superlative the school grammars give first; īmus (Collatinus's) is the other, both attested. Stored as superlative_lemma.
  • lacus — pluralis · dativus / ablativus · DIFFERS — lacubus: the grammars list lacus among the fourth-declension nouns that keep -ubus (with arcus, artus, quercus, tribus); Collatinus declines it as manus. Flagged ubus in the data.
  • domus — pluralis · accusativus / genitivus · DIFFERS — domus mixes the second and fourth declensions and both sets are attested: our domūs / domuum against Collatinus's domōs / domōrum. The textbook paradigm gives the fourth-declension forms first in these two cells and the second-declension domō, domōs elsewhere; the ablative domō is already stored. Whether to lead with domōs is the classicist's call.
  • parēns — pluralis · genitivus · DIFFERS — parentum and parentium are both attested (the grammars give parentum, 'also parentium'). Ours is the first.
  • cornū, genū — singularis · dativus · DIFFERS — The fourth-declension neuter dative singular is cornū in the paradigm the grammars print, with cornuī as the variant; Collatinus gives only the variant.
  • tigris · DIFFERS — tigris declines on two stems, tigr- (tigris, tigrem, tigrium) and tigrid- (tigridis, tigridem); both are attested and the dictionaries give both. Ours is the shorter; Collatinus generates the longer. For the classicist to prefer one.
  • quis — femininum · singularis · DIFFERS — quis as a substantive interrogative is masculine and feminine alike — quis, quem, quō for both — which is how the school grammars and our table have it; Collatinus gives the feminine the adjectival forms quae, quam, quā. A convention, recorded in LATIN_CONVENTIONS_AUDIT.md's spirit: say which tradition the table follows.
  • parēns · accent-only — Collatinus writes pārēns with a long a; the dictionaries (parēns, from pariō) have it short. Ours stands.
  • lac · accent-only — lac, short a (OLD, L&S); Collatinus writes lāc. Ours stands.
  • hērēs — singularis · nominativus / vocativus · accent-only — hērēs, hērēdis with both vowels long is the OLD's; Collatinus shortens the second in the nominative (hēres). Ours stands.
  • cornū, genū — singularis · nominativus / accusativus / vocativus · accent-only — The fourth-declension neuter nominative and accusative singular end in long -ū in the paradigm every grammar prints (cornū, genū); Collatinus marks them short. Ours stands.
  • hic · accent-only — hic (short i: the adverb hīc 'here' is the long one) and hoc; Collatinus writes hīc and hōc, the latter marking the length the doubled c gives the syllable (hocc). A notation difference, not a quantity we would print.
  • quis, quī — singularis · dativus · accent-only — cui, one syllable with the diphthong, as the classical grammars have it; Collatinus lists the disyllabic cuī and the archaic quoī as alternatives. Ours stands.
  • suī — dativus · accent-only — sibi with the short final i, the classical prose form; Collatinus lists sibī, the archaic and poetic long final, beside it. Ours stands.
  • multus — comparativus · singularis · we suppress — plūs has no masculine or feminine singular and no dative or vocative singular: the noun-like neuter plūs, plūris, plūre is the whole singular, which is what plusForms holds. Collatinus's multus model produces *plūror, plūrem, plūrī for the singular — a data bug on its side (plūror is not a word).
  • Iuppiter — pluralis · we suppress — Iuppiter has no plural in classical usage; the catalogue marks the plural defective. Collatinus generates Iovēs, Iovum, Iovibus from the Iov- stem, which is correct morphology for a word that does not occur in the plural.
  • spēs — pluralis · genitivus / dativus / ablativus · we suppress — spērum and spēbus are attested only in late Latin; the classical paradigm is defective in these three cells and the catalogue marks them so. Collatinus generates them.
  • vīs — singularis · dativus · we suppress — vīs has no genitive or dative singular in classical prose (the grammars mark both wanting); Collatinus supplies vī for the dative. The catalogue marks the cell defective.
  • uterque, quīdam, quīcumque … (5) · DIFFERS — The comparison's artefact, not a disagreement: Collatinus analyses the particle off (-que, -dam, -cumque, -quam) and lemmatises the rest as uter, quī or quis, so the oracle row holds utrum for our utrumque, quem for our quendam. Our forms are the whole pronoun, as the grammars print them; the base forms Collatinus returns agree with ours letter for letter once the particle is put back (quendam, quōrundam with the m assimilated to n before d).
  • aliquis — singularis · dativus · accent-only — alicui, one syllable with the diphthong, as for cui (see quis/quī above); Collatinus lists alicuī and the archaic aliquoī. Ours stands.
  • os · DIFFERS — A homograph in the oracle: Collatinus's lemmatiser folds os, ossis 'bone' onto ōs, ōris 'mouth' and returns ōris, ōre, ōra. Ours is os, ossis — the word the catalogue files (ōs 'mouth' is its own entry and agrees).
  • os · accent-only — The same homograph: ōs is 'mouth'; os 'bone' has a short o. Ours stands.
  • aes · accent-only — aes with the diphthong ae, which is long by nature and never takes a macron in the grammars; Collatinus writes aēs. A notation difference, not a quantity.
  • famēs — singularis · ablativus · accent-only — famē, the fifth-declension ablative the grammars give for famēs (famēs, famis, famē); Collatinus writes fame. Ours stands.
  • famēs — pluralis · we suppress — famēs has no classical plural; the catalogue marks it defective. Collatinus generates famium, famibus.
  • speciēs — pluralis · genitivus / dativus / ablativus · we suppress — speciēs, like rēs and diēs a fifth-declension noun, has no classical genitive, dative or ablative plural (speciērum and speciēbus are late); the catalogue marks the three cells defective, as for spēs. Collatinus generates them.
  • volucris — pluralis · genitivus · DIFFERS — volucrum, the genitive plural the grammars give (volucris is a consonant stem despite the parisyllabic nominative, like canis); volucrium is attested but rarer. Collatinus gives volucrium.

Kun je een van deze vragen beantwoorden, schrijf ons dan via de pagina Support — een verwijzing naar een grammatica of een tekst is genoeg. Een antwoord verandert het register, het register verandert de app, en deze pagina wordt korter.

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